5) Hyperbolic Departure and Approach. 2) Heliocentric Transfer Orbit. A heliocentric orbit (also called circumsolar orbit) is an orbit around the barycenter of the Solar System, which is usually located within or very near the surface of the Sun. For transfers to most of the planets, we may initially consider that the planetary orbits are both circular and coplanar.
where the vector magnitude is,
At the spheres of influence, the heliocentric velocities of the transfer orbit are computed relative to the planet to establish the velocities “at infinity,” which are then used to determine planetocentric departure trajectory at planet 1 and arrival trajectory at planet 2. All planets, comets, and asteroids in the Solar System are in such orbits, as are many artificial probes and pieces of debris. 6) Gravitational Assist. A heliocentric orbit (also called circumsolar orbit) is an orbit around the barycenter of the Solar System, which is usually located within or very near the surface of the Sun.
The relative velocity, which we will define as the vector v s/p, is the difference between the spacecraft’s heliocentric velocity, v s, and the planet’s orbital velocity, v p (see Figure 5.10). A trans-Mars injection (TMI) is a heliocentric orbit in which a propulsive maneuver is used to set a spacecraft on a trajectory, also known as Mars transfer orbit, which will cause it to arrive at Mars.. Every two years, low-energy transfer windows open up which allow movement between planets with the lowest possible delta-v requirements. A trans-Mars injection (TMI) is a heliocentric orbit in which a propulsive maneuver is used to set a spacecraft on a trajectory, also known as Mars transfer orbit, which will place it as far as Mars's orbit.. Every two years, low-energy transfer windows open up, which allow movement between planets with the lowest possible delta-v requirements. 3) The Gauss Problem. Once the heliocentric transfer orbit has been selected, we next determine the spacecraft’s velocity relative to Earth. 4) Determining Orbital Elements.
All planets, comets, and asteroids in the Solar System are in such orbits, as are many artificial probes and pieces of debris.
Other less common variations include the starting orbit at Earth, which could be a low Earth orbit or could instead the mission could begin from geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) as in the MEGA proposals of the late 90's, or one could vary the heliocentric portion of the flight to include a low-thrust trajectory.
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